The Black Death and the Transformation of the West - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1057 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Black Death Essay Did you like this example? I am guilty of literally judging a book by its cover; reading the title alone I didnt think I was going to like it. After the introduction ended, I began to reassess my initial judgement. Personally, I feel that this collection of articles written by David Herlihy, to better understand them, the book should have been rewritten in laymans terms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Black Death and the Transformation of the West" essay for you Create order Written in more common terminology I feel like it would be comprehended easier. Trying to understand the elaborate train of thought is like trying to follow a needle through a hay stack. Admittingly the idea that Western Europe needed a pandemic to resurrect the country from succumbing to suicide of itself is a quizzical concept from Herlihy. I think Giovanni Villani had the right mind to think that peoples greed or some other reason caused God, not forces, to enact something to bring people back from edge they were balancing on. In the topic of the first chapter, it details out information about each type of bacilli that infects a human to create the plague, how long it lasts and where it might come from. One of the most probable contagions of the plague were rats, which the plague is the most memorable for. However, there are three types; bubonic which produces buboes in the lymph node areas, septicemic which invades the blood stream and pneumonic is when bacillus triggers pneumonia. Bubonic is the most common beating the others by three fourths of occurrences. I can remember watching an episode of NCIS when Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo becomes infected with some strain of pestilent. I understand it now to be the pneumonic plague, because he had pneumonia and sneezed on another agent which they rushed to assume she became infected. In the show they originally thought it was anthrax like the zoologist Graham Twigg argued. But because Herlihy was using new sources while referring to older sources he determin ed that it wasnt anthrax. New information shows that the diagnosis of bubonic plague is the famous one that produces the buboes of lymph nodes. But then after he affirms this information he goes on to questioning it, which makes me question if there was ever a true, fills every checklist box, illness. Is there something that can blatantly characterize these diseases to draw a clear conclusion? This chapter scientifically explains the infection of the plague, which is the part I am more interested in due to my interest in veterinary medicine and biology. The stuff that makes Herlihys book makes me question, is the Malthusian idea that somehow the world itself has a cause and effect that happens to control sustainability of an environment. The Malthusian theory is a system of checks and balances for population versus subsistence of the areas environment. If the population surpasses the production of food, shelter, and resources the country will then need negative checks such as famines and illnesses to regain balance sociality and economically. The famine that happened right before the plague, people say predisposed the malnourished people to the disease. I can relate to this with my background in biology that bacteria need nutrients from their host to survive. If the host doesnt have the nutrients, they cannot make more of themselves. The text even says that women and growing children with anemia could possibly have some immunity to the plague, this makes me wonder if this is a way to make a cure or preventative medicine. There were additional theories but regardless the stalemate of Europe was broken by an outside force, which jump started Europe to rebuild. While the economy is starting to rebuild from the plague, the demographics also took a hit. The second essay discusses the demographic system of the time after the plague. Herlihy explains that social classes experienced a slight change. Gravediggers were in high commodity to bury the infected and dead bodies. This promoted out-of-the-norm situations but gave people jobs when they needed them. Physicians were obviously in high demand, but due to the inability to stop the plague there was distrust in the medical expertise. I feel like hospitals should be to do anything, but they cant. The doctors and nurses dont play God they can only do as much as humanly possible. With mass casualties of all trades, survivors had to step up to fill the spots. This allowed women to serve more important roles in the system changing the social levels for a win. People who had experience with trade or relatives with trade had to teach people that trade because of the rapid deaths, trades people were becoming a rarity. That is terrifying to think of, you oversee teaching other people just tryin g to out survive a wave of death. In the final chapter it discusses the religious aspects of the essays. It mentions a group of Jews that were killed because there was rumor that went around saying they were the source of the epidemic. This was unacceptable, the flat-out murder of human beings out of fear. This rumor spread like a wild fire and endangered peoples lives just because of what they believed in. I heard somewhere, maybe on a show or movie, that being scared is okay but allowing fear to control you is not. If I was back in the ages of the plague I am not sure what I would have done, but I dont ever think I would intentionally go out and murder people for the religion they practice. That is like saying it is okay to kill a person just based off the color of their skin. I would like to think I wouldnt allow it to change me, but I have never had to struggle to just survive. There was some silver lining of clouds, after the decline of education from universities after some time they were able to rebuild bigger and better institutions to continue and further education. To conclude the book of essays from David Herlihy describe the world of the plague, from demographics, economics, relations between people and religion, and some theories of how it occurred. I personally found the book exhausting, it makes you question the things you hear today about the infamous plague in relation to what his findings are. All things considered it is a great reference for someone looking to learn about the plague.

`` Xenophon s Goals Are Self Advertisedly Circumscribed

Introduction - â€Å"Xenophon’s goals are self-advertisedly circumscribed. His aim is not to give a full account of Socrates’ trial or even a version of his entire speech of defense. ***Xenophon’s general intent was to defend Socrates by portraying him as encouraging young men to become like Xenophon himself - free from subjection to their own desires or the authority of an employer, mentally and physically self-disciplined, willing to follow their own good sense where applicable and oracles and divinations elsewhere ***Unlike Plato’s Socrates, who prefers to ask questions rather than answering them, Xenophon’s Socrates is full of practical - and somewhat conservative - advice† DIFFERENT: â€Å"I’ve known all along that I’ve lived my entire life†¦show more content†¦The man is so corrupt that he seems not to realize that, of the two of us, the real victor is the one who has achieved what is more beneficial and noble for all time† (184.29-30) â€Å"Socrates, by singing his own praises in court, then, brought the resentment of the jurors down upon himself and forced them to condemn him all the more† (184.32) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plato, to all appearance, was the inventor of the Socratic dialogue as a literary form Socrates has a sound and exacting standard of what real knowledge should be, and therefore knows how far short he and all the rest of them come to reaching that standard Socrates the eager rationalist Socrates derived the lifelong sense of the importance of implicit obedience to lawful authority and the reverence for strict constitutionality which led him later in life to oppose violation of the constitution at great personal risk Philosophy and science, as yet undiscriminated from one another, had been the creation of the intellectual curiosity of the Greeks, who sets themselves to construct a rational and coherent theory of the world around them

Child Directed Speech Essay - 833 Words

Child Directed Speech What is Child Directed Speech? It is the theory of language development of young children aged between 1 year old and 4 years old. There are three key features in the development of child speech: Phonological:  · Speak slower, clearer pronunciation  · More pauses, especially between phrases and sentences  · Higher pitch  · Exaggerated intonation and stress Lexis:  · Simpler, more restricted vocabulary  · Diminutive forms (e.g. doggie)  · Concrete language, referring to objects in the childs immediate environment Grammar:  · Simpler constructions  · Frequent use of imperatives  · High degree of repetition  ·Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦pointing to a picture. 2) Query: e.g. ask to identify picture. 3) Label: e.g. tell what object is. 4) Feedback: e.g. Repetition and reinforcement. Repetition and reinforcement: Skinner, B.F (1957), Behaviourist: Suggests that parents should play on the role of: Stimulus Reward. However, its noted that all children pass through the stages of development, regardless of the types of reinforcement given. Also, there is a gap between performance (speaking) and competence (understanding). Finally, consistent application - create original sentences (not imitating - creating). Innateness: Noam Chomsky (1959 + 1965) } } Biological Molecule. Lennenberg } Lennenbergs theory (L.A.D.) - Language Acquisition Device. Linguistic Universals  · Deepstructure  · Surface Structure However, there are criticisms behind this theory: 1) Suggests that language can only be learned by exposure to it - neglects interactive aspects. 2) Bard and Sachs (1977) - Jim - Son of deaf parents, - The parents used very little sign language to communicate with him, instead, exposed him to television and radio, to develop and understand language, however, very little language at all was developed until, he was sent to a speech therapist where a gradual progress of speech was accomplished. 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The For The Affordable Care Act Essay - 1319 Words

With the Affordable Care Act, many changes were made to the healthcare system, and now we are looking at another change in healthcare policies with the upcoming change in presidency. I hope to become a private practicing physician that has an excellent relationship with my patients so that I can provide appropriate care. As a private practicing physician, an increase in governmental policies that increase healthcare coverage will result in increases and decreases in my individually defined doctor-patient relationships. An increase in governmental regulation of health would mean an increase in Medicare and Medicaid. With an increase in Medicare and Medicaid, insurance companies will have to cover many more people than they already are. This will result in insurance companies not paying the doctors the necessary reimbursement. As a private practicing physician, I do not want to be underpaid for my services, so I will turn away patients who cannot afford my services. 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Knowledge through Rationalism and Empiricism Essay Example For Students

Knowledge through Rationalism and Empiricism Essay What is knowledge? Knowledge is defined in different ways, it is defined as â€Å"the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning† by Princeton or â€Å"expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education† by the Oxford English Dictionary. Either way, there are two sectors of philosophy that attempt to undermine knowledge by authority, rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism is the view that certain knowledge can be discovered through experience and reason alone. Reason may be defined as the process of using known facts to conclude new ones. In this section of philosophy, it is divided into induction, wherein reasoning the hypothesis is always tentative and prone to changes, and deduction, in which the conclusion follows from the general statement. There are problems with each of these. Firstly, the limit to induction is that it’s about the human need to look for patterns in observations over time therefore having to be careful that our need to categorise and classify doesn’t lead us to seeing what isn’t really there. Furthermore, the arguments against deductive logic is that you must have absolute certainty towards your decision as well as having a valid and logical point. Empiricism suggests that all knowledge is derived by our senses. There are various types of senses, our sense of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch are called objective senses whereas our senses from the inner surfaces of our body are called visceral senses. Proprioceptive sensors are those that control our physical coordination and our equilibrium enables us to maintain our balance. Our senses are the contact between the objective world surrounding us and our subjective world of experience however, there are limitations when it comes to our senses. The main criticism of empiricism is that our senses often deceive us – for example, colour. Colour is an experience in our minds involving optical inputs being converted to electrical impulses sent to the brain and decoded into messages which we interpret as colour, therefore if colour is in our minds, then there is no colour in the world of things and objects – an apple would only appear red to me but it’s not, objectively speaking, red. Both sectors of knowledge are significant in defining what it really is. Rationalism and empiricism are used to establish independent centres of certainty in changing our perspective on knowledge by authority. However, each have their own limitations which, if passed, may lead to skepticism – the view that denies that knowledge is possible.

Racisms Nature Essay Example For Students

Racisms Nature Essay In our textbook, prejudice is defined as: a form of thinking whereby anindividual forms an unfavorable attitude directed towards groups of people,based on insufficient or incorrect evidence about these groups. Prejudicehas been a part of society for as long as society has been. There are manydifferent theories on the reasons for why people form prejudices. The theory ofsocial categorization states that it is human nature to put people intocategories based on certain characteristics. Which is also how we formstereotypes. Stereotypes give us a preconceived notion of how people of acertain group are going to act before we have experienced it firsthand. Basically, stereotypes are generalizations. They may apply to some members of aparticular group but definitely not everyone. Another theory, illusorycorrelation, states that we tend to notice unusual behavior that occurs inminority groups rather than the same behavior that would occur in a majoritygroup. The theory that I find most interesting is the social-identity theory,which states that people are prejudice in order to increase there self-esteem bybelieving that other groups are inferior to them. After reading about all thedifferent reasons for prejudice, I believe that it is a combination of all thetheories mentioned above. I also strongly believe that the way a person isbrought up strongly ties into their beliefs. If a child is brought up listeningto his/hers parents talking negatively about a certain group of people it oftenleads to the child having the same beliefs as their parents. Another possiblecause is if someone has a bad or traumatizing experience. For instance, ifsome one is robbed by a person of a different race they may than believe thateveryone of that race is a thief and therefore they form a prejudice againstthat group of people. Experience is an important factor in why some peoplebecome prejudice or not. Imagine you have grown up on a farm in Idaho yourentire life. You have never seen or met an African American person first hand,but your whole life you have been told that they are terrible people who dealdrugs and murder innocent people. Although they have never experienced themfirsthand, automatically this person will have a negative outlook on that groupof people. The point I am trying to make is that your different experiences andwhat you have been taught plays a big role in the prejudices that you will form. Usually if you are immersed by all different kinds of people and have knownpeople from all different cultures, you will tend to have a more open mind. Ignorance is the biggest reason for why we form prejudices in the first place. If we think back to the fifties and sixties, the amount of prejudice and racialdiscrimination has been reduced dramatically. However, as much as society triesto stress the importance of equality there is still a great amount ofdiscrimination still going on in the world. So, how can we reduce prejudiceeffectively? I believe that a major part in this process is educating peoplefrom young ages about prejudice and how they need to be open to all types ofpeople. Schools need to be culturally diversified so that child can experienceother types of people firsthand. I know that isnt as easy as it sounds,especially when we put into perspective financial situations and where schoolsare located, but I think it is important that from a young age that peopleexperience all types of cultures. Another way to educate people is by stressingthat people are all different, whether it is from the way they dress or they waythat they talk. Instead of looking down at other peoples differences we need tobe ta ught to celebrate them. In conclusion, I believe that prejudice issomething that still plagues our society. I feel that it has definitely hasimproved over time and if things keep progressing, prejudice could possiblycease to exist in the future. As long as we keep educating our children andsociety, I think we are heading towards the right track.